Aspirin 15cH has Different Effects on Morphology and Function of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages In Vitro Compared to a Pharmacological Dose of Aspirin.

INTRODUCTION: Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide. It is known to present antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic actions, making it extremely useful in a wide range of clinical contexts. Interestingly, homeopathically prepared Aspirin 15cH has been found to have a pro-thrombotic effect in rats, raising the hypothesis that Aspirin 15cH could also modulate the activity of inflammatory cells in different pathological processes. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess what effect Aspirin 15cH has on RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro. METHODS: The effects of Aspirin 15cH on biochemical and morphological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated. These effects were compared with unchallenged macrophages (negative control), untreated LPS-stimulated macrophages, macrophages treated with succussed water (vehicle control), or aspirin 200 µg/mL (pharmacological inhibitor of LPS activity). Cell morphology (adhered cell area and cytoskeleton arrangements), cell viability, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression, and the production of nitric oxide, cytokines and intracellular reactive oxygen species were assessed. RESULTS: Aspirin 15cH reduced the number of cells expressing TLR-4 on the surface (p = 0.03) and induced a "columnar" morphology of macrophage pseudopods, indicating changes in cytoskeleton arrangement. When cells were treated with both Aspirin 15cH and LPS, cell morphology became heterogeneous, suggesting that sub-populations of cells had differing sensitivities to LPS or Aspirin 15cH. Exposure of the cells to LPS alone, succussed water or aspirin 200 µg/mL produced effects consistent with the literature. CONCLUSION: Aspirin 15cH, aspirin 200 µg/mL, LPS and succussed water appear to act as independent stimuli able to induce different patterns of macrophage response. Aspirin 15cH induced changes suggestive of M2 polarization of the macrophages (i.e., toward a wound healing or tissue repair, rather than inflammatory, phenotype). These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in further specific studies.

The use of homeopathic dilutions in Agricultural research is a growing field of research [Editorial]

The use of homeopathic dilutions in Agricultural research is a growing field of research. In a paper published in 2015 in Homeopathy Journal, Jägeret al. identified 167 experimental studies, and these numbers have been growing in recent years [1]. In this number, Mirzajani et al. from the University of Zanjan, Iran, show that ultra-high dilutionsof Calendula officinalisandArnica montanainduce physiological, metabolic, and hormonal changes in ornamental plants and may help against irrigation and temperature stress.COVID pandemic is still a public health problem in 2021. Our second paper is an observational retrospective case series study of 183 consecutive patients treated by two groups of homeopathic doctors between February and June of 2020 in Belgium. One of four homeopathic medicines (Bryonia alba, Phosphorus, Arsenicum album, and Gelsemium sempervirens) was used in 66% of the cases. A shorter length in symptoms duration was observed along with a possible lesser hospitalization rate.An uncontrolled, open-label, and non-randomized HPT performed with a Coronavirus nosode 30CH is presented as our third paper. The study was done on 10 subjects, and no serious adverse events were observed. This study was part of a Phase 1 exploration of this nosode, obtained from a clinical sample and was conducted in Mumbai, India.In an interesting clinical paper, Gilla et al. review anxiety disorders, analyze possible future derivations of the COVID 19 pandemic and discuss possible repertorization symptoms and homeopathic treatments for increasing world public health problems.In an elegant experimental design, Banerjee et al. show that 30c potencies of the weedicide Paraquat increase chlorophyll content and growth in rice crops. This exciting paper shows that homeopathic dilutions and high doses of this weedicide produce opposite effects. Moreover, Paraquat 30c dilutions may be used to increase the growth in rice crops, a conclusion with an uttermost consequence in a plant that contributes to the nutrition of half of the world's population.The paper of Bricarello et al. tries to fill the theoretical gap between repertorization and the simillimum remedy in humans and its possible application of this methodology in vegetables, suggesting a possible way.The short communication of Sonntag shows a possible activity of Bacillus firmus D6 modulating the immune system.The editorial team wishes you to enjoy the reading of our selected publications.

Effects of Ultra-Low-Dose Aspirin in Thrombosis and Haemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Aspirin is the oldest and possibly the most widely used pharmacologically active substance still used in allopathic medicine. Its effect on fever and inflammation has paved the way to its anti-thrombotic effect. Dilutions of aspirin have been tested for many years in the University of Bordeaux, in humans as well as in animal models. METHODS: This article is a review of the totality of articles published by the Laboratory of Hematology of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Bordeaux, reporting different doses and dilutions of aspirin, different kinds of inhibitors, transgenic mice and animal models of disease such as portal hypertension and cirrhosis. RESULTS: Homeopathic dilutions of aspirin, notably 15 cH, have shown a pro-thrombotic effect in humans and in in-vivo animal studies. Longitudinal studies in rats have also shown an initial anti-thrombotic effect followed by a pro-thrombotic effect of aspirin several days after a single high-dose administration. This pro-thrombotic effect seems to act by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway in studies performed with COX selective inhibitors and in knock-out mice without COX-1 or COX-2. This effect may explain the thrombo-embolic complications described after aspirin withdrawal for the purposes of surgery or after non-compliance with anti-platelet therapy, and it may be beneficial in normalising primary haemostasis and decreasing haemorrhage in animal models of portal hypertension and cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Aspirin 15 cH acts through the inhibition of the COX-2 pathway producing a clear pro-thrombotic effect. Further studies should clarify if the pro-thrombotic effect of aspirin withdrawal and the effect of aspirin 15 cH are related, as secondary effects of the same drug. Clarifying this last outcome may be of great significance to public health.

La homeopatía, una ciencia dinámica / Homeopathy, a dynamic science

El doctor Francisco Xavier Eizayaga (1921-2001) dedicó más de 50 años de su vida al ejercicio y la enseñanza de la Homeopatía en varios países de Latinoamérica y Europa. El texto que presentamos es un resumen de la conferencia que el prestigiado médico homeópata ofreció el 8 de junio de 1979 en las instalaciones de la Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, perteneciente al Instituto Politécnico Nacional. En él se aborda el progreso de la medicina y se enfatiza que, aunque el léxico de esta materia se ha multiplicado, lo que verdaderamente debe importar al médico son los hechos, que siempre son mejores que los elementos teóricos. El doctor Eizayaga habla de tópicos tan variados como la posología, el uso de las diferentes potencias, la importancia de contar con escuelas de gran calidad para atajar la aparición de “iluminados o curanderos”, así como de la Ley de semejanza o similitud, y el concepto de fuerza vital. (AU)

Dr. Francisco Xavier Eizayaga (1921-2001) has spent more than 50 years of his life practicing and teaching homeopathy in several countries in Latin America and Europe. The present text is an abstract of the conference that the prestigious homeopath offered in June 8, 1979 at the Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (National School of Medicine and Homeopathy) which belongs to Instituto Politécnico Nacional (National Polytechnic Institute) in México. In it, the progress in medicine is addressed and the author emphasized that although the lexicon in this matter has multiplied, what really should matter to the practitioner are the facts, which are always better than theoretical elements. Dr. Eizayaga talks about various topics as the dosage, the use of different potencies, the importance of high-quality schools to stop the emergence of “healers or enlightened masters”, the Law of Similars and the concept of vital force. (AU)

Campo de acción y limitaciones de la homeopatía / Scope and limitations of homeopathy

A través de las seguientes páginas, el connotado médico homeópata argentino Francisco Xavier Eizayaga (Santa Fe, Argentina, 23 de enero de 1923 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, 25 de junio de 2001) efectúa un recorrido a través de las ideas de autores como Armando Grosso, Tomás Pablo Paschero, Proceso Sánchez Ortega, James Tyler Kent y Samuel hahnemann, para reunir sus opiniones en cuanto al campo de acción de la Homeopatía. Forman parte de a discusión factores como el grado de evolución de la enfermedad, las características psicológicas del paciente, los miasmas, el fondo constitucional, las lesiones patológicas locales, la sintomatología general y el medicamento simillimum entre otros.

Over the following pages, the noted Argentine homeopath Francisco Xavier Eiza¬yaga (Santa Fe, Argentina, January 23, 1923 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, June 25, 2001) takes a look through the ideas of writers Iike Armando Grosso, Tomás Pablo Paschero, Proceso Sanchez Ortega, James Tyler Kent and Samuel Hahnemann, to gather their views on the scope of homeopathy. The degree of evolution of the disease, the patient's psychological characteristics, the miasma, the constitutional background, local pathological lesions, the general symptoms and the medication simillimum are part of the discussion factors as among others.

Campo de acción y limitaciones de la homeopatía / Scope and limitations of homeopathy

A través de las seguientes páginas, el connotado médico homeópata argentino Francisco Xavier Eizayaga (Santa Fe, Argentina, 23 de enero de 1923 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, 25 de junio de 2001) efectúa un recorrido a través de las ideas de autores como Armando Grosso, Tomás Pablo Paschero, Proceso Sánchez Ortega, James Tyler Kent y Samuel hahnemann, para reunir sus opiniones en cuanto al campo de acción de la Homeopatía. Forman parte de a discusión factores como el grado de evolución de la enfermedad, las características psicológicas del paciente, los miasmas, el fondo constitucional, las lesiones patológicas locales, la sintomatología general y el medicamento simillimum entre otros.

Over the following pages, the noted Argentine homeopath Francisco Xavier Eiza¬yaga (Santa Fe, Argentina, January 23, 1923 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, June 25, 2001) takes a look through the ideas of writers Iike Armando Grosso, Tomás Pablo Paschero, Proceso Sanchez Ortega, James Tyler Kent and Samuel Hahnemann, to gather their views on the scope of homeopathy. The degree of evolution of the disease, the patient's psychological characteristics, the miasma, the constitutional background, local pathological lesions, the general symptoms and the medication simillimum are part of the discussion factors as among others.

Hepatic encephalopathy: An approach to its multiple pathophysiological features.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric complex syndrome, ranging from subtle behavioral abnormalities to deep coma and death. Hepatic encephalopathy emerges as the major complication of acute or chronic liver failure. Multiplicity of factors are involved in its pathophysiology, such as central and neuromuscular neurotransmission disorder, alterations in sleep patterns and cognition, changes in energy metabolism leading to cell injury, an oxidative/nitrosative state and a neuroinflammatory condition. Moreover, in acute HE, a condition of imminent threat of death is present due to a deleterious astrocyte swelling. In chronic HE, changes in calcium signaling, mitochondrial membrane potential and long term potential expression, N-methyl-D-aspartate-cGMP and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors alterations, and changes in the mRNA and protein expression and redistribution in the cerebral blood flow can be observed. The main molecule indicated as responsible for all these changes in HE is ammonia. There is no doubt that ammonia, a neurotoxic molecule, triggers or at least facilitates most of these changes. Ammonia plasma levels are increased two- to three-fold in patients with mild to moderate cirrhotic HE and up to ten-fold in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatic and inter-organ trafficking of ammonia and its metabolite, glutamine (GLN), lead to hyperammonemic conditions. Removal of hepatic ammonia is a differentiated work that includes the hepatocyte, through the urea cycle, converting ammonia into GLN via glutamine synthetase. Under pathological conditions, such as liver damage or liver blood by-pass, the ammonia plasma level starts to rise and the risk of HE developing is high. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of HE is rapidly expanding and identification of focally localized triggers has led the development of new possibilities for HE to be considered. This editorial will focus on issues where, to the best of our knowledge, more research is needed in order to clarify, at least partially, controversial topics.

Homoeopathic treatment of bronchial asthma: retrospective study of 62 cases

A retrospective evaluation of the results of the homoeopathic treatment of 62 patients suffering from bronchial asthma showed a very significant statistical improvement in the condition. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied after a random trawl of cases from our files. The results were evaluated in terms of the general population and according to age at start of treatment, to take account of the high incidence of spontaneous remission in children. The clinical approach of the homoeopath is discussed, with reference to the prescribing of medicines